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              <text>‘General Lawrence Sullivan ‘Sul’ Ross, CSA, was born in Bentonsport, Iowa, Van Buren County on September 27, 1838. His family moved to Texas in 1839, where he grew to manhood. In 1859, Sul Ross was commissioned a Captain in the Texas Rangers, fought Comanches, rescued Cynthia Ann Parker (Mother of Quanah Parker), and in 1861, enlisted as a Private in the 6th Texas Cavalry CSA. He rose rapidly through the ranks to become Brigadier General of the 6th Texas Cavalry and later Brigade Commander, Jackson’s Division, Forrest’s Cavalry Corps. Gen. Sul Ross took part in 135 battles, including Elkhorn Tavern, Corinth, the Atlanta and Franklin-Nashville Campaigns. He returned to Texas after the Civil War and served as Sheriff of McLennan County, Texas, Governor of Texas from 1887-1891, and President of Texas A&amp;M University from 1891 until his death in 1898. &#13;
&#13;
Frontiersman, Soldier, Statesman, Educator; A Native Son of Iowa, Adopted Son of Texas.&#13;
&#13;
This plaque dedicated in 2007 by &#13;
&#13;
Iowa Sons of Confederate Veterans &#13;
Texas Sons of Confederate Veterans&#13;
Marmaduke Chapter of Military&#13;
Order of Stars and Bars&#13;
Douds Stone ’&#13;
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                <text>Benner, Judith Ann, ‘Ross, Lawrence Sullivan [Sul] (1838-1898)’, Texas State Historical Association, accessed 15 February 2024, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/ross-lawrence-sullivan-sul. &#13;
&#13;
Munson, Kyle, “Stupid liberals’ vs. white privilege: Iowa caught up in Confederate monuments debate’, The Des Moines Register, 25 August 2017, https://eu.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/local/columnists/kyle-munson/2017/08/25/americas-civil-war-over-confederate-monuments-takes-root-iowa/588650001/. &#13;
&#13;
Patterson, Buddy, ‘A Brief History’, Sons of Confederate Veterans Texas Division, accessed 13 April 2024, https://scvtexas.org/about/. &#13;
&#13;
‘Bentonsport Rose Garden’, Villages of Van Buren County, accessed 15 February 2024, https://villagesofvanburen.com/directory.html?item=1577. &#13;
&#13;
‘Iowa’s Confederate General’, The Historical Marker Database, 19 November 2019, https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=2565. &#13;
&#13;
‘Lawrence Sullivan Ross’, Wikipedia, accessed 15 February 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Sullivan_Ross#Legacy. &#13;
&#13;
‘Whose Heritage?’, Southern Poverty Law Center, accessed 12 April 2024, https://www.splcenter.org/whose-heritage. &#13;
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                <text>The Lawrence Sullivan Birthplace Marker remembers Civil War veteran, Lawrence Sullivan. Sullivan was born in Iowa and lived there for the first year of his life before moving with his family to Texas and eventually fighting for the Confederacy. Sullivan’s unique upbringing makes him Iowa’s only Confederate general. The marker is located along the Des Moines River in a park. It is a stone boulder, with a bronze plaque describing Sullivan’s life and accomplishments. </text>
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              <text>Side 1, West side -‘To perpetuate the memory of the Union Soldiers and Sailors of the War of 1861 — 1865 · Their patriotism inspired unquestioning devotion · Their valor was attested on hard-won battlefields · Their suffering and sacrifice exalted the glorious cause and ennobled the splendid triumph.’ Side 2, North side - ‘The victories they helped achieve preserved the Union of the States · Abolished slavery · Established the National Prestige · Opened new avenues for the development of man and the advancement of liberty.’ Side 3, East side - ‘Erected through the instrumentality of the Allied Organizations of the City of St. Paul · Grand Army of the Republic · A.D. 1903 · The statue represents Josias R. King · The first man to volunteer in the First Minnesota Infantry · The first regiment tendered the government for the suppression of the rebellion.’</text>
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                <text>DeCarlo, Peter J., ‘The complicated history of St Paul’s Soldiers and Sailors Memorial’, MinnPost, 23 June 2020, https://www.minnpost.com/mnopedia/2020/06/the-complicated-history-of-st-pauls-soldiers-and-sailors-memorial/. &#13;
&#13;
DeCarlo, Peter J., ‘Soldiers and Sailors Memorial, St Paul’, MNOpedia, last modified 3 March 2022, https://www.mnopedia.org/thing/soldiers-and-sailors-memorial-st-paul. &#13;
&#13;
Ringham, Eric, ‘Massacre clouds story of the soldier on Minnesota’s pedestal’, MPR News, 27 September 2018, https://www.mprnews.org/story/2018/09/27/iconic-minnesota-soldier-part-of-atrocity. &#13;
Sepic, Matt, ‘Amid debate over Civil War statues, Minn. restores monument to first volunteer soldier’, 18 August 2017, https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/08/18/restorers-preserve-monument-minnesota-civil-war-regular-soldier. &#13;
&#13;
‘Soldiers and Sailors Memorial’, Historic Twin Cities, 28 January 2019, http://www.historictwincities.com/2019/01/28/soldiers-and-sailors-memorial/. &#13;
&#13;
‘Soldiers and Sailors Monument’, St Paul Minnesota, accessed 10 February 2024, https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/recreation-centers/parks-recreation-programs/public-art/soldiers. &#13;
&#13;
‘St. Paul Civil War Memorial’, The Historical Marker Database, accessed 10 February 2024, https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=231550. &#13;
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                <text>Blight, David, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge and London, 2001), p. 259. &#13;
Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge and London, 2001). &#13;
&#13;
Center, Patrick. ‘The history of Allendale’s controversial Civil War statue’, WGVU News, 30 June 2020, https://www.wgvunews.org/news/2020-06-30/the-history-of-allendales-controversial-civil-war-statue.&#13;
&#13;
Coates, Ta-Nehisi, ‘Why So Few Blacks Study the Civil War’, The Atlantic (November, 2011), pp. 142-146.&#13;
&#13;
Donnelly, Francis, ‘West Michigan War Statue: Celebrating slavery’s end or racist?’, The Detroit News, 21 July 2020, https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/07/21/west-michigan-civil-war-statue-racist-celebrating-slaverys-end/5443450002/. &#13;
&#13;
Kransz, Michael, ‘Controversial Confederate soldier statue in West Michigan will remain, township board decides’, MLive Media Group, 14 June 2021, https://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/2021/06/controversial-confederate-soldier-statue-in-west-michigan-will-remain-township-board-decides.html. &#13;
&#13;
Levin, Kevin, ‘The Problem With Allendale, Michigan’s Civil War Monument’, Kevin Levin (blog), 1 December 2023, https://kevinmlevin.substack.com/p/the-problem-with-allendale-michigans. &#13;
&#13;
Lobo, Arpan, ‘Lawsuit: Allendale Violated Free Speech of Pro-Racial Justice Residents’, The Holland Sentinel, 8 December 2021, https://eu.hollandsentinel.com/story/news/politics/government/2021/12/08/lawsuit-allendale-violated-free-speech-pro-racial-justice-residents/6415735001/#:~:text=GRAND%20RAPIDS%20—%20A%20federal%20lawsuit,the%20township's%20Garden%20of%20Honor.&#13;
&#13;
Lobo, Arpan, ‘Activists Put Up Billboard Calling for Allendale Statue’s Removal’, The Holland Sentinel, 5 January 2021, https://eu.hollandsentinel.com/story/news/politics/county/2021/01/05/activists-put-up-billboard-calling-for-allendale-statuersquos-removal/43310213/. &#13;
&#13;
‘Allendale Charter Township Historical Recognition and Preservation Plan’, 2004, &lt;https://www.gvsu.edu/anthropology/adc/files/document/F3CB1DE2-0B3E-7C9F-CBB16D0944CF8FAC.pdf&gt;. &#13;
&#13;
‘It’s Time for Allendale to Remove its Confederate Statue’, Allendale for Equality, accessed 10 February 2024, https://allendaleforequality.org/#:~:text=About%20Allendale%27s%20Confederate%20Statue,States%20veterans%20from%20multiple%20wars.&#13;
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                <text>“Anarcha Lucy Betsey Monument | Montgomery | More up Campus.” Anarcha Lucy Betsey, www.anarchalucybetsey.org/. &#13;
&#13;
Kuta, Sara, “Subjected to Painful Experiments and Forgotten, Enslaved “Mothers of Gynecology” Are Honored with New Monument.” Smithsonian Magazine, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/mothers-of-gynecology-monument-honors-enslaved-women-180980064/. </text>
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                <text>The ‘Mothers of Gynecology’ in Montgomery, Alabama, was dedicated on September 24, 2021 and created by Michelle Browder. This monument depicts Anarcha, Betsey, and Lucy, three real enslaved women who were operated on against their will by the ‘father of gynaecology’ J. Marion Sims. The monument itself consists of three statues, one of each woman; the tallest is Anarcha, who was only 17 when Sims operated on her for complications from a traumatic childbirth. Browder sculpted the statues from discarded metal objects donated by the public – including several surgical and gynaecological instruments – ‘to symbolize how Black women have been treated and to demonstrate the beauty in the broken and discarded.’ The monument itself is full of symbolic meaning: Anarcha's womb is removed from her body, leaving a gaping hole in her abdomen containing a single red rose. Behind her, a metal cage representing her uterus is stuffed full of surgical instruments. Betsey also wears a crown made from a speculum, an instrument which Sims invented through his experiments on these enslaved women.</text>
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Soldiers who died here&#13;
and at the&#13;
Smallpox Hospital&#13;
on the adjacent island&#13;
while prisoners of war&#13;
and whose graves&#13;
cannot now be identified</text>
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                <text>“Wayback Machine.” Web.archive.org, web.archive.org/web/20160304074630/gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/200254.pdf. Accessed 15 Apr. 2024.&#13;
&#13;
 Allen, Lyman. The Graybeards: The Letters of Major Lyman Allen, of the 37th Regiment Iowa Volunteer Infantry, the “Graybeards”, Including the Diaries of Viola Baldwin His Step-Daughter. Google Books, Press of the Camp Pope Bookshop, 1998, books.google.co.uk/books?id=eOgmc04BjFgC&amp;dq=he+Graybeards:+The+Letters+of+Major+Lyman+Allen. Accessed 15 Apr. 2024.&#13;
&#13;
“Alton, Illinois - Civil War Era - Confederate Prison.” Web.archive.org, 16 Apr. 2015, web.archive.org/web/20150416043350/www.altonweb.com/history/civilwar/confed/#credits. Accessed 15 Apr. 2024.&#13;
&#13;
 “Confederate Cemetery Monument, a War Memorial.” Www.hmdb.org, www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=154167. Accessed 15 Apr. 2024.&#13;
&#13;
“North Alton Confederate Cemetery Information Plaque” https://www.cem.va.gov/docs/wcag/history/signs/North-Alton-Confederate-Cemetery-IL-Interpretive-Sign.pdf. Accessed 15 Apr. 2024&#13;
&#13;
Romo, Vanessa. “In Wake of Charlottesville, Federal Government Pays to Protect Confederate Cemeteries.” NPR, 16 Oct. 2018, www.npr.org/2018/10/16/658003387/in-wake-of-charlottesville-federal-government-pays-to-protect-confederate-cemete. Accessed 15 Apr. 2024.&#13;
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                <text>Funded by the United Daughters of the Confederacy and erected In 1909, the North Alton Confederate Cemetery Monument Is a 58 foot tall granite obelisk inscribed with the names of the 1,534 confederate soldiers at the concrete base. These soldiers died while being held in Alton Military Prison due to harsh conditions and outbreaks of rubella and smallpox.</text>
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              <text>Erected by&#13;
the&#13;
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through which passed&#13;
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her soldier sons and&#13;
five hundred thousand&#13;
relatives and friends&#13;
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MDCCCCXII&#13;
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&#13;
Wisconsin Daily State Journal, April 21, 1862. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/pdfs/lessons/EDU-NewspaperClipping-CivilWar-BadgerBoysinBlue.pdf. Accessed April 15, 2024.&#13;
&#13;
Einstein, Daniel. “Watch the Camp Randall Memorial Arch on PBS Wisconsin.” PBS Wisconsin, pbswisconsin.org/watch/university-place/university-place-camp-randall-memorial-arch-ep-739/. Accessed 15 Apr. 2024.&#13;
&#13;
Peterson, Tim. “What Role Did Camp Randall Play in the Civil War?” WPR, 31 Oct. 2020, www.wpr.org/education/what-role-did-camp-randall-play-civil-war. Accessed 15 Apr. 2024.&#13;
&#13;
Randall, Camp. NATIONAL REGISTER of HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -NOMINATION FORM ( Lype an Eniries -Complete Applicable Sections) Llii COMMON: Wisconsin COUNTY: Dane for NPS USE ONLY ENTRY NUMBER DATE Y/I (Ftififi* OM3J Fa/*)&#13;
&#13;
“History of the Camp Randall Arch.” Wisconsin Badgers, uwbadgers.com/sports/2015/08/21/GEN_20140101557.aspx.&#13;
&#13;
Hathaway, Aaron. “Confederate Captives in Madison: Camp Randall’s History as Civil War Prisoner-of-War Camp.” The Badger Herald, badgerherald.com/banter/2016/01/21/confederate-captives-in-madison-camp-randalls-history-as-civil-war-prisoner-of-war-camp/. Accessed 15 Apr. 2024.&#13;
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                <text>“Mayor of Santa Fe calls for three monuments to be removed.” Albuquerque Journal, https://www.abqjournal.com/news/mayor-of-santa-fe-calls-for-three-monuments-to-be-removed/article_4add1d20-2bd5-5bc0-a32d-65ee7ad2ee29.html. Accessed on 11 April 2024. &#13;
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“Kit Carson Monument.” The New Mexican Review, https://www.newspapers.com/image/582963990/?terms=Kit%20Carson%20&amp;match=1. Accessed on 11 April 2024. &#13;
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“Garlands of Glory.” The New Mexican Review,https://www.newspapers.com/image/582963990/?terms=Kit%20Carson%20&amp;match=1. Accessed on 11 April 2024. &#13;
“Kit Carson Monument.” Santa Fe Library, https://santafelibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/18/2023/06/Kit-Carson-monument-2.pdf. Accessed on 11 April 2024&#13;
“Kit Carson.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Carson. Accessed on 11 April 2024 &#13;
Simmons, Marc (January 26, 1902). "Remembering Santa Fe's Forgotten Monument. "New Mexican, https://www.newspapers.com/image/583502437/?terms=%22Remembering%20Santa%20Fe%27s%20Forgotten%20Monument%22&amp;match=1. Accessed on 11 April 2024  &#13;
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